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Some LDCs are performing well but some key international targets have been missed. Looking critically at the theory and assumptions underlying international support makes it possible to identify new assistance mechanisms, instead of falling back on the mainstream position. There is a need for deep-rooted, systemic improvement to the multilateral architecture relating to LDCs–driven by LDC governments themselves and differentiated according to context. This paper identifies six areas of support: the UN system, finance, trade, commodities, technology, and the environment and climate change. It puts forward specific proposals that could be considered in the run-up to UNLDC-V and beyond.